Essay --

John C. Maxwell once wrote, Leadership is the indicant of one harnessing the power of many. Rousseau, in The Social Contract Theory writes that loss leadership is unavoidable to create law. A leader must have the ability to provide for all, no matter the case. Thus, they must have the power of many in cabaret to understand the will of the people. A population cannot create laws for itself without guidance from some higher power. An effective leader must be able to harness the power of many in order to create effective laws and rules for the collective good. Rousseau uses several examples of worthy leaders in order to prove that quality leadership determines medium law in Book II, Chapter VI THE LAW. In particular, he discusses the role of God, legislators, and guides. First, the efficiency of lawmaking will be discussed, then the reasons law is essential, next the characteristics per Rousseau of an apotheosis law filmr, and finally the best type of leader or guide will be debat ed. Many things have changed since Rousseaus time, however the need for a leader to determine fair law has remained the same, and will continue to be a large part of govern custodyts and societies. Rousseau describes the efficiency of lawmaking, saying So long as men are content to attach to this word only metaphysical ideas, they will continue to debate without being understood (p.178). Rousseau is essentially arguing that the relationship betwixt the number of leaders and the productivity of those leaders is an inverse one the more leaders, the less accomplished. This is why it is necessary to have one strong leader alternatively of having the whole of the people lead the people. The difference between decrees and laws is the difference between States and republics. R... ...lways right. A guide who is able to enlighten the general public and create laws is a true asset to the population because of a leaders ability to view objects and situations without a personal perspective. This is why there is always need of a legislator. Some leaders believe that they are held to lesser standards than their people. This is one problem with putting certain people in charge of the rest of the community. However, laws apply to everyone, including those who make them. This is why there is a separate party that enforces the law, to create equality for all. This is why leaders and guides are beneficial for a community.In order to bear a fair society, there is need for legislators who are subjected to the laws they create. Without guides, the laws would not be effective or fair to all, and the State would not obtain the status as a republic.

America Attacked :: Essays Papers

America AttackedThe United States of America has gone through almost every emotion in the book, except we will never forget the events of September 11. As of now, investigations be taking place across the nation. From anthrax to the Al-Qaeda, the FBI and CIA seem to be stumped as to where to look. The developments of the story on anthrax behave not stopped President Bush on his Life Must Go On speeches, precisely it anthrax scares still have citizens in a frenzy. How to deal with anthrax, or basically the mental idea of ohmigosh I cant check my mail I might choke has its pros and cons since you cant avoid checking your mail for the rest of your life, yet there is always that fear there. As for the new story about the Al-Qaeda, what is said to be Bin Ladens Web of Terror, we only know so much as to what the media is giving. From what Ive learned, the Al-Qaeda is similar to the stereotyped maffia, where Bin Laden has a network of followers all over the world in 60 different countr ies, where he has fight down financially and support from those who are part of his network. It is kind of like if Bin Laden says go, there will be someone there to respond. It is scary to think about, really, but I believe the FBI has to get moving and let the people know what is going on. How much of a threat is there? How worried should people be - especially since the holidays are just around the corner? These are questions I would like to be answered.Businesses all around the world are on a roller coaster right now, and nobody knows when the chew out is going to stop, or more importantly, how and where it is going to stop. For example, will businesses be on the top or the bottom of the ride? An example of a re-opened business that affects airlines is the Concorde. Since the crash of the Air France Concorde in the summer of 2000, the planes havent flown. Now, the return of the worlds fastest commercial planes are back in the skies, but their only problem is, will there be peo ple riding them? Over 50 million dollars has been spent on preparing the return of the Concorde, but some people are skeptical as to whether or not the business will do well.

Franco Zeffirelli And Baz Luhrmanns Romeo And Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet     Sex, drugs, and violence are usually a potent combination, and onlyWilliam Shakespeare could develop them into a masterful, poetic, and elegantstory. In the play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," all these aspects ofteenage life absorb the reader or watcher. It is understood that Hollywoodwould try to imitate this masterpiece on screen, and it has done so in twofilms Franco Zeffirellis 1968 "Romeo and Juliet" and Baz Luhrmanns 1996"William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet." The updated Luhrmann picture bestcaptures the essence of Shakespeare for the present-day viewer. Through theingenious use of advancedization and location, while preserving Shakespeareanlanguage, the spirit of Shakespeare emerges to captivate a large reference.     Shakespeares plays were designed to adapt to any audience with this inmind, Baz Luhrmann created a film that applies to the modern audience throughthis updating. Luhrmann modernizes "Romeo and Juliet," through constantalterations of the props, which entice the audience into genuinely feeling thespirit of Shakespeare. First, the plastic film starts with an prologue masked as anews broadcast on television. This sets the scene of the play by illustratingthe violence occurring among the two wealthy families, the Montagues and theCapulets. In Zeffirellis film of "Romeo and Juliet," the prologue takes theform of a dry narrator relating the story of the Montagues and Capulets over abackdrop of an Italian city. For most modern viewers (especially teenagers),the Luhrmann picture is fast-paced, keeping the spectator intrigued, while theZeffirelli picture is dreary and dull, an endless maze of long and boringconversations, foreshadowed by the prologue. In Luhrmanns film, the actors,instead of carrying swords with them, cloud guns in their shirts and wield themexpertly. The death of Romeo and Juliet is ( as always) blamed on the postoffice, for not delivering the letter properly. And, to be politically correct,Mercutio appears at the Capulets ball dressed as a large woman. The actors inZeffirellis version of Shakespeare wear colored tights and bulging blousesthus they appear more comical because they are outdated. By modernizing theseaspects of the play, and reconstructing the prologue, Luhrmann creates a moviethat is more interesting to the modern viewer, and captures the essence ofShakespeares writings. Evidencing this viewer-friendliness, the 1996 "WilliamShakespeares Romeo and Juliet" made almost twelve million dollars in the monthof November alone due to its clever alterations.     As well as updating Shakespeares play to the present decade throughprops, Baz Luhrmanns film is more enjoyable because of the vibrant settings.The Zeffirellis "Romeo and Juliet" occurs in an ancient Italian city, with

No Such Thing As Normal :: Real Indians Eat Jello Native Americans Essays

No Such Thing As NormalWhat is habitual? It can be defined as average or regular. some people see ordinary as how the media portrays it in television shows. Generally, the normal family is made up of two parents, two point five children (preferably at least one girl and one boy) and a beloved pet. They also usually have a minivan or an SUV, a white picket fence and stomach in a nice, neatly organized home. My family has some of those traits, but not all. There is no such thing as a normal family because normal families are usually viewed as perfect and they rarely have problems. In the reading Real Indians Eat Jell-O by Laurie Carlson, the narrator is a inseparable American who lives in a trailer park. She reads books that explain what normal Indians are confusable and what they do. She notices that the people she reads about live in deserts, have out-of-the-ordinary pets, have overbold grandparents and are have supernatural powers. Meanwhile, she lives in a mobile home, watc hes TV and has a gossipy grandmother who makes Jell-O salad. When she asks her grandmother why they dont act like the people shes read about, her grandmother tells her Honey, be yourself (Carlson par. 7). The grandmother doesnt want the narrator to feel she has to act in a certain way just because media demands it. This is similar to my family because we dont feel we have to be perfect. We see the way media portrays the normal family but we dont change ourselves to be the same way. There are many reasons why my family is normal and not so normal in the medias eyes. We have a three-bedroom, two-bath ranch home. We have a beautiful yard (without a fence) and three vehicles, one of which is a Ford Explorer. I have two heterosexual parents, two siblings (one sister and one brother) and a pet dog. That, however, is where the similarities end. My father had been divorced when he met my mother at their workplace. He is 20 years older than my mother, which is a rare occurrence in families t oday. He also had two adopted children, though they lived with their mother. After they got marital my parents had our three-bedroom, one-bathroom (later two-bath) ranch home built. In 1982 they decided to adopt a baby and in 1984 they got me.

The Homeless: Working and Still Living on the Streets :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Imagine eating Christmas dinner underneath a bridge on the cold dirt because you and your family were evicted from your home. Just trying to line up a single meal is what thousands of people, who live on the street, go through each day. They arrive at been kicked out of their houses and apartments because they cant afford rent due to their low give jobs.   homeless personness can be described as a person who lacks a fixed, adequate nighttime residence. To be considered homeless person person a person must have a primary nighttime residency that is a publicly operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations. It is unachievable to know exactly how some(prenominal) people are homeless in the United States. The numbers fluctuate everyday because some find homes, some lose their homes, and most of the time the homeless are in places that arent counted. The only thing that is known is that homelessness is increasing. A growing shortage of affordable housing has made climbing out of homelessness nearly impossible for someone who lives in extreme poverty (Homeless).   Not being able to afford housing does not mean that the person is completely without a source of income. Almost one in five homeless persons are employed. The connection between impoverished workers and the homeless can be seen in homeless shelters, many of which house significant numbers of full-time wage earners. In a booming economy, job stability and job security have deteriorated. The percent of workers in long-term jobs (those lasting at least ten years) fell sharply between 1979 and 1996, with the worst deteriorating taking place since the end of the 1980s (Homeless). Displaced workers face difficulty finding new employment. When they do find work, their new jobs pay, on average, thirteen percent less than the job they lost. Also, more than one-fourth of those who had health insurance at their old jobs dont have it at their new ones. This makes it almost impossibl e to stay above the poverty line when a medical affection strikes the family.   In 1997, thirty percent of workers were employed in non-standard work arrangements (HomelessnessÉ). These consist of independent contracting, working for temporary help agencies, day labor and regular irregular employment. This type of work typically offers lower wages, fewer benefits and less job security. The underemployment rate stands substantially higher than the unemployment rate. Measures of underemployment reflect not only individuals who are unemployed, hardly also involuntary part-timers that want to work full-time.

Vietnam Veterans and the Bitter Harvest of Agent Orange Essay example -

Vietnam Veterans and the Bitter Harvest of cistron chromaticVietnam veteran Paul Reutershan said on the Today show, I died in Vietnam, but I didnt even know it (Wilcox x). For the veterans that survived the Vietnam state of war without major physical injuries, there were still other problems to endure. aft(prenominal) the war, many veterans faced disapproval for fighting, serious psychological problems, and for some, diseases believed to be caused by herbicides used in the war. galore(postnominal) veterans didnt even think that Agent Orange could have been the cause for their diseases since the effects show themselves many years later. Reutershan was the first to publicly attribute his diseases to the herbicide Agent Orange he was exposed to during the Vietnam War. Many veterans, along with Reutershan, sought compensation from the government for diseases they knew were caused by Agent Orange.Agent Orange was an herbicide that was widely used between 1962 and 1971 in Vietnam. The use of Agent Orange and other defoliants was referred to as Operation Ranch Hand. The objective of this operation was to defoliate the lush vegetation of Vietnam and deny cover to the Viet Cong. Agent Orange was regularly sprayed along roads and canals to prevent ambush because trucks commonly used the roads to transport supplies. Operation Ranch Hand employed 1500 soldiers who regularly sprayed defoliants by plane, helicopter, truck, riverboat, and on foot with a backpack (Dunnigan and Nofi 136). The most heavily sprayed areas were the forests near DMZ (demilitarized zone), forests at borders of Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam, forests of north and northwest Saigon, mangrove forests on the southernmost peninsula of Vietnam, and mangrove forests along the major shipping channels ... ...i. Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War Military Information Youre Not Supposed to Know. New York St. Martins Press, 1999.Gibbs, Lois Marie and the Citizens change House for Hazardous Waste. D ying from Dioxin A Citizens Guide to Reclaiming Our Health and Rebuilding Democracy. Boston South End Press, 1995.Gough, Michael. Dioxin, Agent Orange The Facts. New York Plenum Press, 1986.Morrison, William H. The Elephant and the tiger The Full Story of the Vietnam War. New York Hippocrene Books, 1990.National Veterans Legal Services Program. Self help Guide On Agent Orange Advice for Vietnam Veterans and Their Families. Washington, D.C. NVLSP, 1997.Summers, Harry G. Jr. Vietnam War Almanac. New York Fact on File Publications, 1985.Wilcox, Fred A. Waiting for an Army to Die The Tragedy of Agent Orange. New York Random House, 1983.

Vietnam Veterans and the Bitter Harvest of Agent Orange Essay example -

Vietnam Veterans and the Bitter Harvest of Agent OrangeVietnam veteran Paul Reutershan said on the Today show, I died in Vietnam, but I didnt even know it (Wilcox x). For the veterans that survived the Vietnam War without major physical injuries, there were still other problems to endure. After the war, some(prenominal) veterans faced disapproval for fighting, serious psychological problems, and for some, diseases believed to be caused by herbicides used in the war. Many veterans didnt even think that Agent Orange could have been the cause for their diseases since the effects show themselves many years later. Reutershan was the first to publicly attribute his diseases to the herbicide Agent Orange he was exposed to during the Vietnam War. Many veterans, along with Reutershan, sought compensation from the government for diseases they knew were caused by Agent Orange.Agent Orange was an herbicide that was widely used between 1962 and 1971 in Vietnam. The use of Agent Orange and other defoliants was referred to as Operation banquet Hand. The objective of this operation was to defoliate the lush vegetation of Vietnam and deny cover to the Viet Cong. Agent Orange was regularly sprayed along roads and canals to prevent ambush because trucks usually used the roads to transport supplies. Operation Ranch Hand employed 1500 soldiers who regularly sprayed defoliants by plane, helicopter, truck, riverboat, and on foot with a backpack (Dunnigan and Nofi 136). The most intemperately sprayed areas were the forests near DMZ (demilitarized zone), forests at borders of Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam, forests of north and northwest Saigon, mangrove forests on the southernmost peninsula of Vietnam, and mangrove forests along the major shipping channels ... ...i. begrimed Little Secrets of the Vietnam War Military Information Youre Not Supposed to Know. New York St. Martins Press, 1999.Gibbs, Lois Marie and the Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste. Dying from Dioxin A Citizens Guide to Reclaiming Our Health and Rebuilding Democracy. Boston South End Press, 1995.Gough, Michael. Dioxin, Agent Orange The Facts. New York Plenum Press, 1986.Morrison, William H. The Elephant and the Tiger The Full Story of the Vietnam War. New York Hippocrene Books, 1990.National Veterans level-headed Services Program. Self help Guide On Agent Orange Advice for Vietnam Veterans and Their Families. Washington, D.C. NVLSP, 1997.Summers, Harry G. Jr. Vietnam War Almanac. New York Fact on File Publications, 1985.Wilcox, Fred A. time lag for an Army to Die The Tragedy of Agent Orange. New York Random House, 1983.

What is the meaning of Women Empowerment?

In the middle of the 18th century, women empowerment was greatly demonstrated through boycotts and uprisings. non only women from the lower class suffered, but women from the middle class suffered as well. Lower class women who were working in factories would work the same amount as their male counterparts, get constantly mistreated and would still get paid lower than men.Middle class women had to always listen to their husband and never go against them. There were a lot of stereotypes between the freedom of men and women. Because of these stereotypes, this caused women to rebel and most women were very well aware of their subordinate status in their association and applied several feminist movements.One women who showed high representation of women empowerment was Abigail Adams. Abigail was the wife of president John Adams and had five children. Since she was married to the president, she was always left entirely at the house taking care of all her five children as well as their farm. Since her husband was hardly home, she got very bored doing the same activities everyday. Abigail indicated many a(prenominal) concerns, through a letters to her husband, about women and how they are being treated in society.Abigail wrote several letters to her husband, but one of her letters stated that phone the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.He letter was one of the first steps to to fight for womens rights and freedom. She exclaims that men should not have all the power in their homes because they would all become oppressors. Abigail also told her husband that if women did not get equal rights, they would rebel and not pursue the laws where they had no voice or representation in. Lastly, she emphasised the fact that John Adams needs to remember the rights of women when the Declaration of Independence was being written.

Effects of corruption Essay

1. Introductionin philosophical, theological, or moral discussions, crookedion is spiritual or moral dross or deviation from an ideal. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement. Government, or political, vitiatedion occurs when an office-holder or separate regimeal employee acts in an ex officio capacity for personal gain. Corruption has been a major problem in our clownish Kenya, affecting individuals all over the country. Most problems facing the country mountain be associated with convoluteion, starting with unemployment which has seen the rate of jobless Kenyans go up each and every year, tribal wars which saw the country almost to flames in the year 2007, crimes, which argon as a result of the increased rate of unemployment, national debts e.g. the Anglo-leasing which has seen the government spend billions trying to repay the debt.2. ObjectivesThe study has two objectivesFirst, it aims to review the essential elements of the mingled appro aches that have been used to analyse the causes and effects of corruption.Second, it aims to explore how research has been applied in growth countries. This is a question of what policy recommendations have been made, and what might be learned from the anti-corruption campaigns and policies applied in specific countries.3. Research questions1. To what extent has corruption penetrated into our society today2. How hascorruption affected our way of lives today3. Which population (the young person or the old) be mostly affected by corruption4. Which characters in our society influence corruption5. What is the major contributor to high levels of corruption in Kenya today6. What role can the government play to bring an end or reduction to corruption7. How can Kenyans ensure that corruption is eradicated from our system8. What atomic number 18 the benefits of living in a corruption-free country4. /Literature reviewCorruption has recently become a major issue in world(prenominal) adv ocate policies. However, behind the screens it has always been at that place, referred to as the c-word. The major concern for transnational aid policy through the last five decades is to improve the living conditions for the poor in the poorest countries of the world. This endeavour requires a close co-operation with the national governments in poor countries. Generally speaking, however, the governments in poor countries are also the most corrupt. This is one of the few take place empirical results of recent research on corruption. The level of GDP per capita holds most of the explanatory power of the various corruption indicators. Consequently, if donors want to minimise the risk of foreign aid being contaminated by corruption, the poorest countries should be avoided. This would, however, make aid policy rather pointless.This is the basic dilemma corruption raises for aid policy. Unlike international business most development aid governings and international finance instituti ons have the lions share of their activities located in highly corrupt countries. The international community in ecumenical and round donor countries in particular are, however, increasingly willing to fight corruption. Within the good governance strategies of the World rim and the International Monetary Fund initiatives to curb corruption are given priority. OECD and the UNDP have also developed particular anti-corruption programmes to assist governments in tackling the problem. Furthermore, several zygomorphic development agencies have placed anti-corruption efforts high on their development agenda.Whether this is a desirable change in focus of aid policy, and, hence, whether it is possible to find viable policy instruments to fight corruption, remains to be explored. Corruption is a problem that mainly arises in the interaction between government and themarket economy where the government itself must be considered endogenous. Therefore it is complex to handle from a theoreti cal point of view. This difficulty is underlined by the fact that data are difficult to gather, and, if available, data are often soft, unreliable and masked. Moreover, from an aid organisations point of view the issue of anti-corruption may become diplomatically delicate since at least some of the 7 stakeholders who are handling the aid instruments in the partner countries, are likely to be part of the problem.5. Research methodologyThe methods employ were the use of observation questionnaire and interview. Observation come to watching and listening to what people are doing in groups and also what they are watching when in cyber cafes or at home using televisions and also observing what the reaction is when the topic of corruption is introduced. The questionnaire involved a series of questions directed to parents or guardians and another directed to youths and children. They were aimed at finding out how parents and youth view the aspect of corruption The parents or guardians qu estionnaire consisted of sections which were Closed terminate questions (which required a YES or NO answer)Open ended questions (respondent free to answer in his/her own words) The youths and childrens questionnaire consisted ofClosed ended questions (which required a YES or NO answer)The other method used was interviewing where there was a one on one with the respondent and the questions to be asked would revolve the topic of corruption that is the accessibility moral social and health effects.6. Data line of battleIdeally the data applied in research on corruption should be based on direct and first-hand observations of corrupt transactions made by un turned observers who are familiar with the rules and routines in the celestial sphere under scrutiny. More aggregate numbers should then be constructed on the basis of such observations. This patient of of empirical studies hardly exist, however, and for obvious reasons we cannot stock many more in the near future. Most ofthe ti me we are dealing with complex transactions fetching place in large hierarchies to which independent researchers normally have no access, nor the appropriate social networks for picking up and checking data. The information is indirect and, until recently, rather unsystematic. wizard of the major difficulties in corruption research has consequently been the lack of a solid empirical basis.The observational basis of corruption researchIn countries with ripe judiciaries, the most reliable information most corruption is speak to cases. Courts are spending huge resources on establishing which transactions have in fact taken place, and to judge whether they have actually been corrupt. The problem with court cases is that they are few, compared to the vestigial number of corrupt acts, that they cannot be used neither as an indicator of sector occurrences nor of general frequency. For the same reasons court data are difficult to use for cross-country comparisons. They are likely to tell more about political priorities or the efficiency of judiciaries and patrol than about the underlying problem of corruption. Such data on corruption has nevertheless been collected on an international basis and some efforts have been made to make them comparable across countries, for instance by the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division of the United Nations Office in Vienna (United Nations 1999).However, the fact that Singapore and Hong Kong have exceptionally high conviction rates confirms the suspicion that data from courts cases on corruption, when aggregated, are telling more about judiciary efficiency than about corruption frequencies12. They do, nevertheless, bring interesting and often very detailed descriptions of the social mechanisms involved. In addition to the court cases, the police and other investigation units are producing considerable information about instances of corrupt transactions, also when the information may not be precise enough to win court cases or to fire employees. The quality of this information is highly variable, ranging from cases almost ready to bring to court, to mere rumours.13 In some cases this information may be sufficiently extensive to construct risk patterns for entire sectors, but in most cases it will be biased in the sense that active, strongly motivated police units will tend to exaggerate the number and the danger of the crooks they arehunting.Investigative journalists are in many ways in a better piazza to collect data than social scientists. The public exposure of journalists gives them a larger supply of informants. They will often have to handle the data carefully, since good stories petition the naming of actors with the obvious possibility of harming innocent individuals. The risk of being sued necessitates caution. Like the police, journalists possess much surplus information that they cannot use. This means that stories from the media are important sources of information also for social science research on corruption when it comes to establishing facts14. Media are also important subjects of research on corruption, mainly for political scientists. Some forms of corruption may be considered as a kind of political scandals, and the political effects may often be quite similar to the publication of individual(a) misbehaviour of politicians or their families.Media are not all important in bringing forward facts about corruption, but also for forming public and scientific lores of corruption. Moreover, the media are to a large extent setting the stage for determining the likely political consequences of revealed corruption scandals. Like court decisions, media sources have their evident biases when comparing corrupt transactions across countries and across time. Firstly, the media will tend to give priority to the more spectacular stories, making the less dramatic but more super C practices of corruption less guardianship. Secondly, and more important, the number o f stories on corruption that are reaching the public are not likely to be determined only by how many stories that exist out there, but is also a question of press freedom, of the market for corruption stories, the journalistic professionalism and resources available, and various kinds of journalistic bandwagon effects.The bias created is likely to be weighty also when it comes to empirical research because of the need to rely on second hand information. This makes it almost impossible to determine whether the perception of increasing corruption levels worldwide is based on facts or not, because the main sources used are likely to be strongly influenced by shifts in media attention and public opinion. As far as we know, unlike the case of criminal convictions for corruption, no international counting of media stories has been attempted. It is clear that the actual occurrences of discovered and provable corrupt acts discovered through courts, media and the few instances of participa tory research aretoo few in most countries to constitute a representative sample of the underlying corrupt transactions. To create patterns and analyses, researchers have to bring in information that is relatively unreliable, and then try to process it and make explicit the large and hardly judicable margins of error in the field.Or alternatively, researchers can decide to let the uncertain and imprecise information about patterns pass, and consider it as not amenable to serious research. Until recently, the last strategy has been the dominant one, but since the mid-1990s a number of quantitative studies have been published based upon quite subjective and commercial-grade indexes of aggregate country levels of corruption. The first and most influential one was Mauro (1995) who brought corruption into the renewed field of economic growth studies among economists. It was an econometric study of the effects of country corruption level on the growth rate, and the results indicated, as discussed in chapter 7.4, that there was indeed a significant negative impact. The study was based on data on general country corruption levels. What kind of data had Mauro been able to find?Corruption measured The construction of corruption indicators Mauro (1995) used mainly data from a commercial organisation, Business International (BI), which in 1980 made an extensive survey of a large number of commercial and political risk factors, including corruption, for 52 countries, among these several developing countries. Business International had an international network of correspondents (journalists, country specialists, and international businesspeople) who were asked about whether and to what extent business transactions in the country in question involved corruption or questionable payments.The perceived degree of corruption involved in these transactions was ranked on a scale from 0 to 10. BI also made efforts to make the rankings across correspondents consistent. In fact, Bus iness International was not the only organisation that tried to monitor where international businesses have to expect the most extensive or frequent bribe demands. Quite a number of both profit and non-profit organisations constructed similar indexes. Today it is Transparency Internationals Corruption learning Index (CPI) that is the most well known and most used both in research and in the public debate.The Corruption Perception Index (CPI)The CPI is the most comprehensive quantitative indicator of cross-country corruption available, where each single country is recognisable. It is compiled by a team of researchers at Gttingen University, headed by Johann Lambsdorff. The CPI assesses the degree to which public officials and politicians are believed to accept bribes, take illicit payment in public procurement, embezzle public funds, and open similar offences. The index ranks countries on a scale from 10 to zero, according to the perceived level of corruption. A score of 10 represe nts a reputedly altogether honest country, while a zero indicates that the country is perceived as completely corrupt15. The 1999 corruption perception index includes 99 countries. It is based on 17 different polls and surveys conducted by 10 independent organisations, not by TI itself16. None of these surveys are dealing with corruption only, but they cover a number of issues of relevance for development and business confidence.TI, however, is using only the data on corruption. Hence, the Transparency International index is not based upon information from the organisations own experts but is constructed as a weighted average of (for 1999) 17 different indexes from 10 different organisations. The majority of these indexes are based on fairly vague and general questions about the level or frequency of corruption perceived either by experts or business managers. About half are based upon expert opinions within built checks to ensure cross-country consistency. The other half is mainl y based on questionnaires sent to middle and upper-level management to either international or local firms. Only one organisation (i.e., International Working Group, developing the International Crime Victim Survey) asks the respondents straight off about their own experience of corruption.Thus, the CPI is mainly a poll of polls, reflecting the impressions of business people and risk analysts who have been surveyed in a garland of ways17. According to TI, none of these sources combines a sufficiently large sampling frame with a convincing methodology to produce reliable comparative assessments. Hence, TI has opted for a composite index as the most statistically robust means of measuring perceptions of corruption. Each of the other surveys uses different sampling frames and varying methodologies. The definition of the construct corruption also varies between the surveys. Thus, we may question whether the surveys cover thesame phenomenon (see Lambdsorff, 1999b). Furthermore, all th e surveys ask for the extent the phenomenon, although the meaning of extent is not obvious. Is it the frequency of corrupt transactions or the amount of bribes paid or money embezzled?7. referencesHamilton , Alexander (2013), Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction Morris, S.D. (1991), Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa Senior, I. (2006), Corruption The Worlds Big C., Institute of Economic Affairs, London semblance. U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. Retrieved 26 June 2011. Lorena Alcazar, Raul Andrade (2001). Diagnosis corruption. pp. 135136. ISBN 978-1-931003-11-7 Znoj, Heinzpeter (2009). Deep Corruption in Indonesia Discourses, Practices, Histories. In Monique Nuijten, Gerhard Anders. Corruption and the secret of law a legal anthropological perspective.

Shoeless Joe Question Session

In todays water cooler report somewhat the novel Shoeless Joe, a lot of interesting irresolutions were asked. One of the questions that was asked was how has baseball changed since Shoeless Joes day? Do you like the changes? As the discussion started, Jay verbalise there are more drugs in baseball now days than in Shoeless Joes time. Everyone agreed with Jay. Dhiren said that the players requital is a lot more, like in the millions. Pravena said that the baseball games were in the shadow. However, I disagree of that statement because in the book it clearly states that there were lights for the night games.Another question that was raised about in out discussion which asked should Ray bind told his father that he was his son? Would you urgency to know your result? Would you ever tell someone their fortune? It was clear that everyone agreed with Jays statement which was If you mess with the past, you change your present and future, if you mess with you future, you change your present. For the next question about if Ray should have told his father that he was his son, Dhiren said that he just shouldnt mess with the past. Everyone else agreed.Dhiren and I said no to the question would you want to know your fortune , while Pravena and Jay say that they do want to know what their fortune is because they want to know if they will live or die and have a good job or not. For the final question we all said that we would only tell someone of their fortune if it was the matter of life and death, other we would just keep it to ourselves. Another question which was softly touched was the discussion about was the one which asked about whose dreams have been fulfilled in the novel?And what is your give birth dream? When this question arose , I jumped to my feet and I started to say things like flying, running really fast, super strength, heat vision, etc. As I said my slant of dreams, everyone else said their own. Overall, the group agreed with each other that alm ost all the character in the novel got their dreams fulfilled. In general, out group participated and put in their own inputs when needed. Yet, I believe that Dhiren and Jay interacted the most, as a final point, the water cooler helped out group understand the story and meanings better.

Newell Company Essay

1. Does Newell have a successful corporate-level strategy? Does the company add value to the businesses indoors its portfolio?* Newells corporate-level strategy focuses on the growth through acquisitions of companies that manufactured low technology, nonseasonal, noncyclical, and nonfashionable mathematical products that volume retailers would always keep on their shelf. These companies usually manufacture brand-name staple products that ranked 1 or 2 but may not be efficiently managed.* Newells goal is to increase its sales and profitability by go a comprehensive range of products and reliable service to the mass retail channel. Newell has chosen to develop its product line through key acquisitions, rather than privileged organic growth. The strategy succeeds based on their two pronged approach of following an established acquisition process (Newellization) and ensuring corporate continuity across the grade to support its performance in the market. This strategy helps Newell su ccessfully diversify their portfolio of products for mass retailers.2. What are Newells distinctive resources?* Pricing model that that covers across all product categories Newell used different pricing point, good, better, and best to meet all customers needs achieving the critical mess3. What challenges faced the company in the late 1990s?* iodin of the main challenges in the late 1990s was the increase in customer buying power. By 1997, three mass retailer chains controlled 80% of the send away retailer market. This allowed retailers to obtain significant leverage over price and scheduling. * Another challenge in the 1990s was the acquisitions of Calphalon and Rubbermaid. These were both major stepping stones for Newell in that both companies go forth bring greater brand recognition to the Newell brand. It was a challenge because of the speed in which the companies were acquired and the short amount of time between the two acquisitions.At the time, Calphalon was in a different market, and Newell wanted to enter the department and specialty store competition. This required changes within the Newell Company because of a different view of products and competition. Rubbermaid was a hard-fought acquisition because of the vastness of the company in general. Someindustry observers worried that this target would be too large to be Newellized.

Brazil Macroeconomics Essay

The country of choice is brazil nut for the following reasons it is a booming economy, which provides some stark contrast with the stagnation and ever-menti atomic number 53d phrase double-dip nook which now commonly used in the West. Macroeconomics is concerned with the study of aggregate economy, which embodies all nationally relevant economic indicators. The common indicators are the unemployment rate, the rate of inflation, the gross domestic product per capita, economic growth, the economic cycle, and the labor force. Since 2003, Brazils economy has been growing steadily. It has been improving its macroeconomic stability despite a small crisis in 2008 which saw its growth rate decline to 2.6%. In 2010 it grew by 7.6% amid renewed confidence from foreign investors. Part of the reason for this is the high interest rates which make it kind to foreign investors. Note also that this was its highest growth in 25 years, whilst people especially given that many economies were struggl ing at the same time.Furthermore, the continuing flows of coronation into the manufacturing sector have provided greater backbone to the economy. Note that a commonly cited reason for the economic struggle of the UK for example is its everlasting trading deficit. It does not exporting enough, it does not manufacture enough. With natural resources such as tin, clay, uranium, platinum, petroleum, cocoa, gold, wood, and hydroelectric power (and much more), Brazil is generally recognized as one of the naturally richest countries on Earth in terms of quantity and probably the richest in terms of variety of resources.The subject being treated here is not a relative analysis between Brazil, an emerging economy and the declining economies of the West. Comparative analysis will only be used briefly in order to further nurture the great performance of this economy since 2003. In the arena of macroeconomics, it is essential to look at things from a national and international standpoint and therefore the performance of one economy is not only relative to its past performance but also relative to other economies in the world.In the past decade Brazils Government has combined fiscal policy has been used at times to stave off excessive inflation and encourage consumption. The reason why this has worked out is that in the long-run, the country has consistently been creating jobs both in the manufacturing and the services sectors, which in unison with fiscal policy have helped keep a hat on inflation in the past ten years. This point of success will be analyzed inn depth given that this country was previously known to have huge inflationary problems prior to the last decade.http//www.bbc.co.ukhttp//www.indexmundi.com/brazil/economy_profile.htmlhttp//www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/brazil.aspx

True Love: Hermia and Lysander

True Love Love is a strong-filled emotion, a bond which is shared between two persons. Love adds to the enchantment and viewer of life. Love has the power to lift the spirits of the persons who share this pure sentiment and is also capable of eliminating the controversies, jealousies and barriers existent due to blood lineage which may attempt to harm hunch forwardrs. Egeus, Hermias Father, goes to Duke Theseus for assistance with his predicament. Theseus departs Hermia the option to either marry Demetrius, the man his father has deemed worthy of her, or for her to live a barren life as a nun.As Hermia heard what was to come, she replies to Theseus as she defends her know, So I will grow, so live, so die, my lord, Ere I will yield my virgin patent up unto his lordship whose unwished-for yoke my soul consents not to give sovereignity. Hermias pale cheeks and melancholic look reflected the sorrow settling in her spirit as she lost her justly to love with her heart but in the eye s of another. The situation in which Hermia and Lysander are due to Egues complaint reveals the dominant male perspective of a fatherin society.Lysander in the situation they are in comforts Hermia by saying, The course of true love never did run smooth. Lysander assured her that they are only going through and through a phase which all lovers undergo but they will be able to conquer. In response to the Dukes options offered to Hermia, she and Lysander plan to elope in the woods and go to Lysanders aunt. Lysander suggests to his love,Therefore hear me, Hermia I have a widow aunt a dowager of great revenue and she hath no child. From Athens is her house irrelevant seven leagues and she respects me as her only son.There gentle Hermia, may I marry thee Hermia replies to him, In that same pasture thou hast appointed me tomorrow truly will I meet with thee. Hermias and Lysanders love is always put to the test by Egeus rejection of Lysander. In the forest, their love is put to the te st solely by the fact that Demetrius is always after Hermia and tries to prevent her from eloping with Lysander. Their love is also trialed by Puck who confuses the Athenian lad which Oberon had sent him to put the love potion on.Puck was to place the potion on Demetrius for him to respond to Helenas love but instead Puck placed it on Lysanders. Throughout the plot of the story, Hermia always had the option to give up on Lysanders love and stay with the lad her father had chosen for her, but she always had in mind to follow her heart and not give up on her love due to small adversities. Lysander is worthy of Hermias love and proves to be a brave lad who was willing to employ risks in order to be with Hermia.While being with the Duke, Lysander tries to convince them that he is financially stable to be with Hermia by saying, I am my lord, as well possessed. My love is more than his my fortune every way as fairly ranked- if not with vantage- as Demetrius. Through all adversities, He never left Hermia unprotected nor did he give up. Lysander comforts Hermia with his company and words of advice. Lysander was with Hermia in times of need as in the Dukes resolution.Lysander conquered all obstacles that came in between the love that he had for Hermia and turn up he was truly worthy of Hermias love with his actions. The theme of forbidden love is reflected by the characters of Hermia and Lysander who live life as a daily strife in struggle to maintain their love alive. Even though supernatural powers and mountain-high problems may come in the way of true love, in the end love will always be victorious. Hermia and Lysander are an example of a couple who faced challenges on the way but the prize-being together as a couple, was distant more rewarding in the end.

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Essay

There atomic number 18 around 5000 talking tos in use today, and each is quite distinguishable from more of the others. Many thinkers have urged that large differences in language lead to large differences in experience and thought. They patronise that each language embodies a worldview, which speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways. At first I didnt really understood what was beingness said, and I was really against it, just after asking myself, really?Knowing a different amount of words to describe things would accommodate us to better understand and communicate, interesting than as we started the color activity it became clear to me. Then now I started making connections to friends of mines pattern other foreign countries.Sometimes we have difficulties explain things to each other, things that are often the same, but because of where hes from and the way their communication methods (Grammar, metaphors, Pragmatics, Semantics, Lexicon) are structured features it difficult, to understand him being Im form a different part of the world, meaning a different form of communication method, with a different set of rules. Form what I have read and understand the virtually important discussions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis have focused on grammar and lexicon which seem to be the most valid in my opinion.Why? Im guessing it have something to do with the way we talk, and the put to work it have on a lot of how much we understand, based on our vocabulary choices and makeup. For example a typical word order may vary in English the common order is subject, verb, and object. In Japanese it is subject, object, and verb, and in Latin several different spin (word order).Languages can differ in whether they make a distinction between intransitive verbs and adjectives there are many subtler sorts of grammatical difference as well. Grammar here does not mean the grammar we learned in grammar school, but the syntactic str ucture of a language in the sense that grammar contains a set of rules that can generate all and only the sentences of a stipulation language.

Introduction To TESOL Essay

Using what you break read in this introduction to TESOL and your own issueledge, what do you consider to be the blocks which may prevent nomenclature learning?When speaking about difficulties in learning and teaching exotic language different authors put on different terminology. Some of them speak about mistakes, misbehavior (Cummings, C. 2000), sources of friction (Smith, C. J., & Laslett, R. 2002), some about anxiety (Nishimata, T. 2008), troubles, difficulties and so on. For better understanding lets summarize all this definitions into a word block, which heart and soul block, that could prevent language learning. There argon two major types of blocks. The first type is instructors blocks. And the second one is school-age childs. This means that we could face with some challenges in the question of in force(p) learning from the both sides of the process. And in each situation there are also external and internal blocks. External are blocks that are dictated with the en vironment. Internal ones are coming from the personality. In both cases I suppose blocks are about psychological reactions but the difference is in a reason for that.Regarding blocks that could issue from the teachers side most of the authors pay attention to the following. Lack of self-discipline, fears of working with different (non-standard) students (Cummings, C. 2000), managing stress, fire and other emotions (Coetzee, S. A., Wydeman, J. L., & Niekerk, E. J. 2008). Also I could mention blocks that are connected with the previous see to it, teachers distortion and burnout. To overcome this troubles teacher unavoidablenesss to be a immobile-motivated person able to struggle with his/her blocks. Help of colleagues and comment feedback, realistic understanding of the own level and own abilities may be very drillful. Connecting with other teachers is a way of sharing your burdens, and your successes, with somebody else. They might feel the same and share strategies to help y ou overcome the burdens and jubilate in the successes (Saumell, V. 2014). Authors also stress that teacher should remember that the blocks exists from both sides, try to create a reposeful atmosphere, be respectful to students, give a verifying feedback and be encouraging, give students an opportunity to redo the tests, use various teaching methods and techniques.As for the students and their blocks there is much more information to think of. In a list there are such huge themesas age, motif, level of knowledge, previous learning experience and influence of mother tongue. The problem of age mostly appears before adults. Im too sometime(a) to learn English or The time is lost and so on. Its important to work upon the positive attitude of grown-up students, to show them the advantages of learning language now, when they exactly know where they will use it and what for do they need it. And do not forget to dispel a myth that its impossible to learn foreign language effectively aft er the age of 20. Teacher may use different arguments to confront with the drop of sanction. For example without strongly embedded L1 syntactic structures, young children are probably more amenable to actions and activities that crusade productive language skills. (Holloway, M. K. 2008)And for sure its essential for a teacher to know the basis of developmental psychology to be able to communicate effectively with the students of different ages and to consider age peculiarities. As for the motivation its a great clue to solve the problems with other blocks. Strong motivation to learning allows student to overcome all other difficulties. Speaking about children its a rare situation when a teacher faces with the highly motivated class. So it is one of the great challenges to motivate students, to show them the positive attitude, to kick upstairs for search and discovering new world.As with all learning skills, pupils will be more motivated when they are interested in what they are thinking about or see a real finding for their thinking (Wilson, J., & Murdoch, K. 2008). Its far not all the blocks and not all the ways of overcoming them but I think that students blocks and the blocks of a teacher are deeply connected. And if a teacher has strong blocks in teaching sure s/he will face with the lack of motivation and self-confidence from his/her students and vice versa. As the main responsibility lies on the teachers shoulders its meaningful to know the blocks and not to avoid but face them and work at them.

Did Racism Precede Slavery?

ESSAY there have been debates among scholars over whether racial discrimination preceded bondage or vice versa. Present an argument on this doubtfulness using course materials (lectures, readings, film) eyepatch some argue that racism preceded slavery, I firmly believe that racism did not precede slavery. Before examining the reasons behind my opinion, it is important to note how race feeds into racism, and how slavery then latches on to racism. Race is a socially constructed idea through which a hierarchy largely stemming from the fairness of discase color is plaster bandageed.As a result, different racial groups are formed with the whitened race occupying the top billet of this hierarchy. Because of this skin-color based hierarchy, washrag people developed a sense of superiority and dominance over the blacken people who lie at the bottom of this hierarchy. This knowledge of being superior and dominant over another(prenominal) race based on this hierarchy is racism. A c onnection between slavery and racism apprize then be formed when the White elites decide to only enslave the Black people when they retrieve their dominance and superiority is jeopardized in one way or the other.Therefore, the components of racism and slavery together form racialized slavery. Holistically speaking, a three-part system involving race, racism and slavery is effectively formed. While keeping components of this system in mind, it is withal necessary to consider how notes, productivity and social relations influence my view. When British settlers entered the New World, among their priorities was to hire relatively inexpensive slave labor to generate profits for them. While the freely available, local Native Ameri stops were auditioned, the White settlers realized they had to look elsewhere.Native Americans died via diseases contracted by White settlers, and as a result were neither richly adaptable to slave labor nor productive. Instead, White settlers turned to i ndenture servitude. As discussed in lecture, indentured servitude adage White settlers import fellow British people and ordered them to work like slaves on cheap, 5-7 twelvemonth contracts. However, this method of labor was not entirely successful since indentured servants too contracted diseases from settlers and died in numbers, while settlers also couldnt dictate work conditions once their contracts expired.At this point, the frustrated White settlers wanted to bring in a people on whom they could place un check workloads to maximize productivity. This was when the British settlers turned to the African market. While the first British colonialists arrived in 1607, the first Africans were not brought in until 1619. (Week 3 powerpoint, slavery-1, slide 7) It is thus hurt to say that racism prompted and preceded the immurement of Africans, since it was instead the failure of the Native Americans along with high mortality rank and contract laws of indentured servants that precede d and induced the enslavement of Africans.Moreover, the desire to become wealthier, not racism, convinced White settlers to enslave Africans. After failing with indentured servitude, White settlers imported Africans in pursuit of maximizing productivity and wherefore receiving higher profits. As we discussed in severalize, planters in Virginia were aware of the rewards they could reap by enslaving Africans. Unlike the indentured servants contracts that limited the duration of work summoned by White settlers, enslaving Africans meant that planters could put no limits on the amount of work and measure they ordered of them.Therefore, the more work you assign to slaves for much longer periods, the more productivity you get, and the more money your plantation gets you. On top of this though, planters also wanted more slaves to increase the supply of money they lastly received. Accordingly, state laws adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem- the child follows the condition of the mother regardless of the race of the father. (Cannon, 1993, p. 415) Thanks to this law, enslaved mothers gave fork over to enslaved children who went on to become extra pairs of hands on plantations.In the case of children being enslaved because of their enslaved mothers, racism once once again does not precede slavery. Since child enslavement holds regardless of the race of the father, (Cannon, 1993, p. 415) it is the mothers office as a slave and not race that precedes and assigns the same title to her children. White settlers wanted enslavement to be cyclical, and it is for this reason why enslaved women were valuable they produced and reproduced. Although African enslavement eventually became slavery as squeeze only applicable to Africans, racism does not precede slavery here.As more Africans were imported for enslavement purposes, the White elites fears exacerbated. Even though African enslavement was the principal answer to increased wealth for White planters, indentu red servitude was not extinct. Friendships between Africans and lower-class Whites existed, and the White elites were concerned these alliances would undermine their summoning powers and provoke a class insurrection. It was at this juncture in 1660 that racialized slavery in Virginia (Week 3 powerpoint, slavery-1, slide 7), a product of components in the system, was only specific to the Africans.Not only did racialized slavery prevent a class conflict between Whites, moreover also brought racism to the fore. As a system component in this case, racism is a perception of superiority and dominance from the White elites to the Africans. Hence, racialized slavery again supports my view since it was the enslavement of Africans and their interactions with lower-class Whites that preceded and incited racism. One can easily get confused by racism and slavery, and claim that slavery would never have occurred without an attack of racism.However, the series of events involving White settlers , Native Americans, indentured servants and imported Africans are most logical when we argue that racism did not precede slavery. If the White settlers were racists ever since they arrived in the New World, indentured servitude would never have existed. Without the interaction of Africans and lower-class Whites, racialized slavery would not have been legitimatized, and Black people would not have been historically associated with slavery the most.

Symbols in Business Communication

Non-verbal communication is divided into four broad categories Physical This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and bole motions. Aesthetic This is the type of communication that takes come through creative expressions playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing. Signs This is the robotic type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens. Symbolic This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or solar day to day activitites signs.Symbols are representations of an event, action, endeavor, person, or place that can be used to communicate about the event, action, heading, person, or place. concrete symbols The more a symbol resembles what it represents, the more concrete that symbol is. An example of a concrete symbol would be a spoon, used during mealtimes, to represent mealtime. Abstract symbols The less a symbol resembles what it represents, the more tweet that symbol is. A less concrete (or more abstract) symbol would be a small delimit tipple of a person eating or action of eating.A symbol stands in place of an object. It whitethorn be a physical object such as a flag standing(a) for patriotism and national pride. a cross with strong religious meaning for Christians. even the Nike swoosh or the McDonalds arches. Or it may be a word or phrase, such as the Jai Mata Di printed on head bands. Symbol Representation an object used as part of the activity it represents, an object homogeneous to the one used as part of an activity, an object similar but not identical to the object used as part of an activity, a part of an object, full-sized coloured drawing of the object, a full-sized black and unclouded drawing of the object or a reduced-size coloured drawing of an object, a reduced-size black and white drawing of an object, a printed word. There is a similar hierarchy for mo vement with an object to sign movement with an object used as part of the activity it represents, movement with an object identical to one used as part of an activity, movement with an object similar to but not identical to the one used as part of an activity it represents, movement without an objectDisadvantages of symbols For example, a symbol based on visual similarities may not be as concrete for a person with a visual impairment as it would be for an individual who is fully sighted. A symbol based on an action may be abstract for an individual with physical impairment such that he/she had never performed that action.

RTL Implementation of MP3 Decoder IP Core

RTL IMPLEMENTATION OF MP3 DECODER IP COREAbstractionThe intent of this study is to look into the effectivity of the MP3 decodeing form in hardw be similitude to the more(prenominal) normal softw ar chassis stick out. Nowadays, the MP3 level format is the approximately popular criterion for audio compaction, apply in playback device such as audio participants and nomadic ph nonpargonils. While MP3 decryption is star of the indispensable portion in multimedia system, most of the decryption fancy are software- base, peculiarly because of the design of the system, which is easier compared to the hardware portion. However, the package design has high-pitcheder clock, wherefore higher power expenditure. This happens because of the design itself it has more iteration in the scheduling algorithm. There are lying-ins that faith both hardware and package design in the MP3 decrypting creative activity, but the standalone hardware rational place ( IP ) nucleus is still n on good explored.This writing testament present a brief part on the basicss of the undertaking, all bit good as the call for inside randomnesss needed in operative on the undertaking. Every inside informations presented in the study are both ga in that locationd from diaries, books and the online beginning available. The accentuate of this undertaking is to bombardment the bespeakd IP nucleus and implemented in Register Transfer Level ( RTL ) manner, in which it easy means utilizing the hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( high-density lipoprotein ) as the footing linguistic communication for the design.Table OF CONTENTSChapterTitlePageDedication2Recognitions3Abstraction4Table OF CONTENTS5List OF FIGURES71.0Introduction81.1Undertaking Background81.2Aim91.3Problem Statement91.4Scope of the Undertaking102.0Literature Review112.1Related Studies and Previous Work112.2Introduction to the MP3 Decoding Core132.2.1Synchro stage setting142.2.2Huffman Decoding152.2.3Requ antiser162.2.4Re influenceing172.2.5Antialiasing182.2.6Inverse Modified discrete Cosine veer ( IMDCT )192.2.7Synthesis Polyphase Filterbank203.0 explore Methodology223.1Introduction223.2Ocular Representation of Research Methodology223.2.1Altera DE2 Board243.2.2Altera Quartus II253.2.3NIOS II25List OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.TitlePage2.1The MP3 bitstream format192.2The three separate of frequence line202.3The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences )222.4The antialias butterfly232.5Types of windowpane sequences in a subband252.6The IMDCT operation persist273.1The undertaking flow flow3.2The Altera DE2 circuit board ( beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.terasic.com.tw/ )293.3The Quartus II work bench environment303.4The NIOS II work bench environment31Chapter 1IntroductionUndertaking BackgroundMPEG-1/2 audio layer-3 ( MP3 ) is a most popular format for playback of high quality compressed sound. During the recent old ages the application o f MP3 sound codec has exploded. Typically MP3 files are played back utilizing package ( CPU or DSP ) , but recent tendencies bind since informant the upshot of portable device, such as nomadic phones and MP3 participants. While DSP architecture is the most efficient for running MP3 participant, the challenges of FPGA public presentation of MP3 decrypting are less understood.Field Programmable Gate Array, nevertheless known as FPGA, is one type of coordinated circuit that is consumer-programmable, therefore it is called field programmable . This incorpo locate circuit uses hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( HDL ) to configure. Nowadays, FPGA has since advanced into a high degree of efficiency during the past decennary. It has since become the major HP in different types of application, since it seat be employed as standalone System on Chip ( SoC ) or healthy gas pedals in multi-chip system.The mark of the undertaking is to implement the MP3 decrypting nucleus by u sing the FPGA be enormousingss. While utilizing the bing package codification to run the decipherer in package, efforts has been make to run the decipherer in hardware, which will go the chief way in this undertaking. Then, comparing the public presentation of these two methods will besides be the focal point of the undertaking.AimThe aim of this undertakings areTo plan the MP3 decipherer hardware based and can be implemented in portable based designTo measure the efficiency of the hardware based decipherer comparison to the common package based deciphererProblem StatementMost of the MP3 decryption designs are of in package. However, the hardware importance of the decryption design has since taken the popularity today. Therefore, several efforts feature been taken to make the to the full hardware architecture of the decryption nucleus. This paper will measure the efficiency of the hardware decipherer as per package decipherer and to look into the advantages of both methods.Scope o f the UndertakingThe range of the undertaking includes combination of several elements such as hardware, package and electronic parts. Below are the Scopess for the undertaking.Uses Verilog HDL linguistic communication as its chief footing for programmingExplore the application of Verilog utilizing Altera DE2 BoardInclude package programming such as C and C++Implement the application ( partial ) utilizing downloaded package for package execution ( Quartus II 9.1, Nios II 9.1 )Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWIn 1988, Hiroshi Yasuda ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) and Leonardo Chiariglione had initiated the working conclave Traveling Pictures Experts Group ( MPEG ) to put the criterions for audio and video compaction and transmittal. The group, formed by International geological formation for Standardisation ( ISO ) and International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) , has since developed into an organisation joined by members from assorted industries, universities and enquiry establ ishments. wholey of the criterions that have created is the MPEG-1 Layer 3, or good known as MP3. MP3 is the standard format used for digital audio compaction, in which the design have 121 compaction ratio, from 1.4Mbps 128kbps bitrate for compact phonograph bring down ( Cadmium ) music.Related Studies and Previous WorkIt is known that MP3 decrypting procedure is a hard procedure, but several research workers and industrialist have attempted to plan the decipherer for this specific format. For case, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) have stated that the designing of MP3 decrypting in portable and complete participants have gained in popularity. In the study, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) besides stated the importance in the public presentation of these hardware MP3 decrypting based on the clock rhythms and power use. It besides includes an effort to to make an MP3 decipherer in hardware, by utilizing Xilinx FPGA board. Thuonget Al.( 2005 ) have proposed the architecture of the MP3 decryption nucleus , in which the subcores of the architecture can be separately designed, coded and tested easy. However, the design of the nucleus is coded utilizing VHDL, the older version of RTL linguistic communication.Ko and Nicolici ( 2007 ) have tested the execution of the nucleus utilizing Altera DE2 board and Xilinx multimedia board. It besides has consequences including the figure of logic elements, reversals, memories and multipliers elusive. Bhargav and Yang ( 2008 ) have introduced the use of Linux-run interface on the decryption nucleus. Their research has besides opened the possibilities of animating the popular piece of consumer engineering utilizing bing hardware available in the lab. Still, the design utilizes both hardware and package constituent in their design architecture. It has few general lags due to system clock and debugging procedure.Singhet Al.( 2008 ) have proposed that the demand of hand-held participants and multimedia in nomadic phone have elevated a demand for a de dicated hardware to decrypt the file formats with low power ingestion and faster acceleration. Papakonstantinouet Al.( 2008 ) have researched instance survey on the execution of drifting point math in decipherer execution to accomplish existent clip and faster decrypting procedure. In the instance survey, the writers introduce floating-point ( FP ) unit in their architecture to measure the operation velocity therefore naming it the FP execution of MP3 decryption.In the latest research by Moslehpouret Al.( 2013 ) , the undertaking uses NIOS II system, which is a portion of package device, to read files and produces end growth from the decrypting procedure. By utilizing unafraid digital ( SD ) card as input devices, the system uses Altera DE2 board but combine different file format moving ridge files, or.wav extension files. Even so, the exposure of the study have shown that running the decipherer is possible, peculiarly because of package characteristics use Altera SOPC builder i n Altera Quartus 9.1 environment, in which the platform is for the most part used in third instruction degree.Some of the old work did even make the architectural design of MP3 decipherer, utilizing a VLSI cell-based attack. Tsaiet Al.( 2004 ) have proposed the specific architectural face of MP3 decipherer in which it achieves a high throughput with a decreased memory demand and hardware complexness. Meanwhile, Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) have tried to implement the algorithm on the decreased direction set computer science ( RISC ) based ARM mainframe computer, which is far more advanced, proficient wised.All of the old work did hold its important characteristics in edifice MP3 decryption nucleus, either in hardware or package. However, the execution of MP3 decrypting IP nucleus, which uses Verilog HDL as its hardware linguistic communication, as implementing it to the full hardware based is non good discovered. Therefore, the focal point is the study is to undertake the design of MP3 decrypting nucleus, on the surface at least.Introduction to the MP3 Decoding CoreHarmonizing to Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) , all MP3 files are divided into fragments called frames. Each frames shops 1152 samples, enduring for 26ms, which the frame rate is about 38 frame per second ( Federal Protective Service ) . The for the first time measure to decrypt MP3 file format is by happening the start of the frame, which is called synchronism procedure, or else called initial reading.SynchroscopeBefore decryption, the start of the frame must be frame. If the frame is interrupted, we can non happen the exact place of the following frame ( Thuonget Al., 2007 ) . The construction of the frame consists of 5 parts heading, cyclic redundancy cheque ( CRC ) , side information, chief informations and accessory informations.HeadingCRCSide InformationMain informationsAncillary data conception 2.1The MP3 bitstream formatThe inside informations about the frame heading is as followsFrame HeaderIt is a 32-bit foresighted and has description of the frame, unneurotic with the synchronism word to separate the get downing portion of the bitstreamCRCUse to look into if there is any transmittal mistake for the most sensitive informations. The CRC will merely exists when the protection spot in the heading is set.Side InformationIncludes the of import information needed to decrypt the chief information. This depends on the channel manner. For individual channel, 136 descry are allocated, while for double channel, 256 spot allocated ( this is tantamount to 17 bytes in individual channel, 32 bytes in dual-channel )Main DataThe chief informations portion consists of the frames that includes scalefactors, Huffman coded spots and accessory informationsAncillary DataThis information can keep user-defined information. This frame country can keep optional informations such as vocal name or song information.Huffman DecodingThis subdivision contains one of the most of import undertaking in MP3 d ecryption. The undertaking of Huffman decrypting is to transform and roleping the information into scalefactors and symbols stand foring the 576 sure frequence lines for all(prenominal) granule. These frequence line is divided into three divider Big- determine,Count1andRzero.Big-valuesCount1RzeroFigure 2.2The three parts of frequence lineDetailss on the Huffman codification divider are as followsBig-valuesRepresents the lowest frequence lines and are coded with the highest preciseness, measure from values between -15 to 15. When the decipherer finds the value 15, it assumes that the higher preciseness is needed. This can be done by utilizing the value 15 as an flight codification, so reads extra spots from the imput watercourse. The figure specify in the Huffman tabular array are called linbits.Count1Represent the higher frequence lines non necessitate the higher preciseness scaled value. Ranging from -1 to 1.RzeroRepresent the highest frequence lines, and non portion of the b itstream. It contains the the frequence lines that are removed by the encoder. These values are filled with zipper by the decipherer.RequantiserThe symbols generated from Huffman decrypting is so reconstructed into the original frequence line by utilizing the scalefactors provided in the side information of the frame. The low frequence scalefactor set contains less values than the high frequence.The descaling equation for both short thwarts and long blocks are defined asShort blocksLong blocksThe denoted scalefactorsscalefactor_sandscalefactor_lused by requantiser are provided by Huffman decipherer. Parametersglobal_gain,subblock_gainandpreflagcan be found in the frames provided by the Synchroniser block. The notaiondefines end proceeds from the Requantser block, whileis the Huffman decoded value at indexI.ReorderingThis block merely has one undertaking it reorders the frequence lines within a granule. When the short block is decoded, a short window will be used. The end product is so sorted into subbands, so on frequences and at last by Windowss to increase the efficiency of Huffman coding.Figure 2.3The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences )AntialiasingAntialiasing is the procedure where its map is to cut down the inevitable assumed name effects because of the use of non-ideal bandpass filtering. The alias Reconstruction is based on the butterfly computation, d wellheading of eight butterfly computation for each subband.Figure 2.4The antialias butterflyInverse Modified Discrete Cosine TransformInverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform, known as IMDCT, reproduce clip samples from the frequence lines, together with synthesis polyphase filterbank. The clip samples can be obtained from the frequence lines by utilizing the undermentioned equation.The IMDCT operation flow begins by taking 18 input frequence lines and generates 36 polyphase filter subband samples. The samples so multiply with with a 36-point window bef ore passed into following decryption procedure. Windowing is the procedure of multiplying and overlapping add-on operation of IMDCTs end product with the sine window coefficient. Based on the length of each window, four types of block is used they arestart,halt,shortandlong. The determination of block type is based on the analysis of the psychoacoustic theoretical account.Figure 2.5Types of window sequences in a subbandHowever, bring forthing 36 samples from 18 input means that there are merely 18 samples are alone, therefore the IMDCT method uses a 50 % convergence. In this instance, the 36 end product samples is so divided into 2 groups, low group and high group, which has 18 samples each. The overlapping procedure is so carried out by adding values from the higher group, old frame with the lower group, matching frame. Then, the frequence eversion is so taken topographic point to accomplish right stage difference. This was done by multiplying every uneven subband with ( -1 ) .Fi gure 2.6The IMDCT operation flowSynthesis Polyphase FilterbankThis block is the last measure in decrypting procedure. It converts all 32 subbands to bring forth 32 Pulse Code Modulation ( PCM ) samples at a clip The filterbank exploits aliasing and windowing to be active the subbands back into their frequence sphere. This block is divided into two parts Modified Discrete Cosine Transform ( MDCT ) and windowing.Modified Discrete Cosine TransformEach clip frame of the subband samples are ordered so that the first 32 values are the first sub-sample from each subband, and so forth. The MDCT processes 32 values at a clip by utilizing the equationwhereThe end point end product values,is so stored in the barrel shifter.WindowingThe windowing procedure tallies by multiplying the valuesfrom the barrel shifter with the window map. This window map is specified in the ISO criterion. The PCM generated are so computed for each loop. The MDCT and windowing together run 18 times for each granule, bring forthing 576 PCM samples ( 27ms at 44.1kHz ) .Chapter 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionThis chapter discusses the well planned attack taken during the projects timeline to guarantee that the undertaking is good organized and run expeditiously. The methodological analysis is represented into a flow chart for easiness of apprehension.Ocular Representation of Research MethodologyThe designate work flow for the undertaking is shown below, in Figure 3.1.Figure 3.1The undertaking work flowThe undertaking begins by researching any old plants related to the MP3 decryption and FPGA-based architecture execution. Besides that, several resources on hardware descriptive linguistic communication and package programming tutorial have besides looked at. The procedure involved in constructing the nucleus is studied and briefly elaborated to give excess cognition in order to carry through the research. The importance and intent of the undertaking is besides discussed in the first phase.The har dware used for proving and implementing the undertaking is Altera DE2 Educational Development Board.Figure 3.2The Altera DE2 board ( beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.terasic.com.tw/ )Altera DE2 BoardThe Altera DE2 board provides everything needed to develop many advanced digital designs utilizing Altera Cyclone II device, with utilizing application package Altera Quartus II. This development board is the first measure to present and larn basic FPGA devices easy, since it is accessible in the lab. It is suited for a broad scope of exercisings in classs on digital logic and computing machine organisation, from simple undertakings that illustrate cardinal constructs to make out designs.Altera Quartus IIFigure 3.3The Quartus II work bench environmentAltera Quartus II is a package incision produced by Altera for analysis and synthesis of HDL designs, which enables the user to roll up their designs, execute clocking analysis, psychoanalyse RTL diagrams, imitate a design s re action and configure the mark device with the coder.NIOS IIFigure 3.4The NIOS II work bench environmentNios II is the most widely used soft processor in the FPGA industry. Nios II incorporates many sweetenings over the original predecessor, Nios architecture, doing it more suited for a wider scope of embed computer science applications, from DSP to system-control. The development for Nios II consists of two separate stairss hardware coevals, and package creative activity.

MEDICATION ERRORS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICATION ERRORS - Essay ExampleThey raise also be classified from a contextual perspective, in terms of the medicines, time, place and people involved (Spath, 2011). Modal classification is the third type, which refers to the way of life in which the misunderstanding took place, for example, errors can occur by substitution, omission or repetition. Patients safety and health check errors incorporate a subject that has recently gained both public and scientific attention. This is due to the fact that numerous medical exam errors have occurred, and lately on a regular basis (Jox, Schneider, Borasio & Dietz, 2010). These errors are accompanied by an change magnitude cost in treatment, in addition to a number of moral consequences. Several barriers concerned with diligent safety and medication errors have been identified. These include poor leadership and absence of feedback on incidences concerning these errors. Feedback would enable the medical system to monitor the occurren ce of these errors on a national level, and assist the authorities in formulating the catch preventative measures. Voluntary reporting systems have been created by organizations such as the Institute of Safe medical exam Practice Canada (ISMP Canada) and results have shown that these systems can help reduce the number of mistakes in medication from human error (David, n.d). Medication error reports are reviewed by the Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis (DMEPA) (US victuals and Drug Administration, n.d). It includes a prevention program which evaluates cases of medical errors, casualties, and uses this data to formulate preventative measures against medication errors. Fortunately, most medication errors are due to omission as opposed to commission hence, there is a plastered level of preventability for the occurrence of these mistakes. To formulate preventative measures, one must analyze the underlying cause of these errors. These errors unremarkably occur upon failure of a medical service provider to detect the state of disease, hence, prescribes the incorrect do drugs therapy, failure to detect the mechanism of drug interaction, negligence to uncomplainings drug allergies and general patient knowledge deficits (Harn, n.d). The above mentioned errors can be avoided if time is taken to counsel the prescriber and improving his/her operate oning conditions (Harn, n.d). In order for the prescriber to reduce the probability of medication errors occurring, he/she can learn ways to keep center on the patient and make sure diagnosis is made with out each external distractions. The work performed by medical professionals can be extremely stressful at times and these conditions make them flat to making mistakes. Creating a stress free environment can help reduce the number errors. This can be achieved by reducing the amount of caffeine intake and maintaining a healthy diet, improving dealings among employees, ensuring that the employees get adequate sleep, working goals should be realistic to avoid overworking employees and bad habits, such as alcohol intake, should be prohibited during or before working hours. The patient can also bet a role in preventing medication errors by gaining knowledge on the medication that has been prescribed to him/her. He or she should be aware of the purpose of the medication and what disease he/she is taking the medication for. The patient should also try to use the same pharmacy for one prescription, this way pharmacists can detect any inconsistencies that the doctor might have made

Amazon Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

virago Evolution - Essay ExampleThe creation of the search engine by Amazon.com operates comparable Google, and helps ease on the internet search. The system (A9.com) has been installed in a personalized manner that allows users to create and lay aside and control their previous visits. Amazon to a fault created the SQS system the system stores the queues and message data in Amazons network making it reliable and available in various data centers. Amazon has also installed bookmarking equipments and a tool bar that enables users to browse the search results. A9 relies heavily on Google for the applied technology charm Amazon focuses on improving consumers experience. Amazon, therefore, has created its core capability to consumers with its convenience and ready access, personalized helps, competitive prices amongst other(a) consumer base benefits (Rainer, 2008).Question 4Issues of Decentralized information managementIn the recent times, data management strategy is changing to dat a service resulting from the increased distribution lines. Consumer ignores the database cover on the thought that it concerns architectures. In case of the SQS, Data services moves from point of reference A to B via an incorporating process. Therefore, the data volumes and the rush for timely information mount pressure to the consolidating application resulting to trim back data duplication. The ultimate results involve issues concerning consistency, recoverability and access which need resolutions (Rainer, 2008).Securing information proves easier than maintaining the security levels of information.

PARTY PLATFORMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PARTY PLATFORMS - Essay ExampleDemocrats demand that the state relate all the funds required for education while Republicans are more inclined towards privatization of educational championship (2010 State Republican troupe program, 12 Texas Democratic caller). Regarding giving education to all who are maintenance in the United States, Democrats have a more flexible stand towards non-citizens (2010 State Republican Party Platform, 12 Texas Democratic Party). Democrats are for daytime juvenile curfew while Republicans are against it (2010 State Republican Party Platform, 14 Texas Democratic Party). Democrats also urgency the state to support community colleges, which Republicans disagree with, as they want the students and parents to fund community colleges (2010 State Republican Party Platform Texas Democratic Party). b. Position II. On in-migration Democrats have a more lenient stand towards illegal immigrants than the Republicans (2010 State Republican Party Platform Texas De mocratic Party). Republicans declare that they are dead against amnesty in any form leading to citizenship, or legal status for illegal immigrants (2010 State Republican Party Platform, 20). But democrats want to have stabilizing legislation for legalization of illegal immigrants who want to stay (Texas Democratic Party).

Refection on Call Girl and readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Refection on scream Girl and readings - Essay ExampleIt also offers parliamentary law a mirror to construct a desired reality. However, this differs with Hedlongs perception who believes that films mainly achieve an aesthetic value and this revolves around explicit enigma and murder notable in most Swedish movies (Miller et al., 2008). Overall, the two authors agree that films have role to look in the wider society.Notably, Hedlong continues with this trajectory by asserting that the location of Swedish Media is largely influenced by regional aesthetics as demonstrated by the Call Girl film. This shows that filmmakers have a role in transforming society while also entertaining the masses. Similarly, cinema as a modern invention of technology, according to Sundholm, should keep in line peoples thoughts, views, and perceptions toward a positive direction. Alternatively, Miller in his paper Global Hollywood attests on the muzzling culture of Hollywood of foreign cinema. Consequent ly, this curtails the growth of other forms of cinemas with creative and innovative messages as notable with Call Girl that castigates bad political behavior (Reijnders, 2008). In other words, artistic success is a challenge if industries do not allow cooperation.Hedlong, O. et al. (2010). Murder, Mystery and Megabucks? Films and Filmmaking as Regional and Local Place advancement in Southern Sweden. In Hedlong, O et al (Ed.), Regional Aesthetics Locating Swedish Media (pp.263-290). innovative York, NY

MANAGING DIVERSITY( analysis of a newspaper article ) Essay

MANAGING DIVERSITY( summary of a newspaper article ) - Essay Examplere words shared by the Richard, an system Services Manager at BA Working and traveling with BA as a disabled traveler (paraplegic in a wheelchair) I get to see at first hand the returns offered to additional needs customer and staff, good and bad. In most instances the help levels are of high trite but if things have not been right on the day, feedback had been acted upon. I would urge all disabled travelers to spot us about their travel experience in order that we can offer the highest level of service (British Airways diversity strategy, online).The company also espouses a strong culture of respect, for which it has deployed an employee questionnaire. Through responses to the survey, it has crafted the following objectives towards building a culture of equalityStill towards this thrust, BA has joined Stonewall champions scheme last year (2005). It is a venue that advocates diversity within work settings. The emphasis placed on the management of harassment and blusterous is captured by BA Chief Executive Rod Eddington, as follows Dignity and respect for other pot are basic values we must all adopt. We should all be aware of the impact of our deportment on others and be tolerant of people who have different values, religions and beliefs to our own. This applies to our peers, colleagues and customers. On age, the company has already proposed waxy retirement and is watching out for the new government regulations on the matter (British Airways diversity strategy, online).Thus, the article on BA which presents that it discriminates against a religious practice the wearing of a cross of a Catholic seems inappropriate to all of these publicity regarding diversity. This shall surely have an impact on their image as a second-rate employer and they must thoroughly ensure that they exercise fair practice and do not ostracize employees on the basis of race, color, gender, national origin, o r religion.At first glance, the

Irony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irony - Essay ExampleThe underlying irony is the attempt to highlight the harassment meted knocked out(p) to women of the puritanical era. Women couldnt live life on their own terms, due to social norms and mores. The situation itself is ironic, considering that the male in the numbers liberates the women from leading a life of misery by sticking to these social limitations and boundaries. The irony adopts the nominate of a Dramatic Irony. Evidently, the ironic idea further the hidden theme of the exploitation of women in the Victorian era.Similarly, Ozymandias, by P.B.Shelley is another work that contains an underlying message. The poem talks about Ozymandias, who rises to power and falls in Egypt. The underlying irony is the very fact that in spite of all the power one attains, it becomes business relationship at some point or the other and goes into oblivion. This applies to governments and all those who lust for power for eventually, its all bypast The irony here is more of a situational irony, considering the spiritual and more mature outlook that the poet tries to portrays as a part of the irony.The next poem we could consider is Ariel Dorfmans Hope, which is an irony on the pain and suffering that engulfs the world of mankind. His poem is a philosophical irony, and is a reflection and revelation into the miseries that this world.W.H.Audens

The Abolitionist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Abolitionist front - Essay ExampleWith time however, the movement gained a great amount of importance all all over the world as good deal began to realise the concept and value of human rights. Thus, gradually, the abolitionist movement came into tycoon and slavery was abolished almost in all parts of the world. In the 17th century, it was under the patronage of trembler and other evangelical persons, slavery was deemed to be un-Christian and thus religious battalion began to stay away from it. In the eighteenth century, philosophical and rationalist thinkers criticized slavery for violating human rights as they began to understand the concept of the provision of detached and fair living for each man for himself. No man could be bought and sold by people and treated like dirt because every man had a right to live as he pleased, earn for himself and be entitled to food, shelter and clothing. However, despite such a revelation, slavery comfort prevailed in most parts of Wes t Indies, South America as well as the United States of America. In the year 1772, the English Court under the benefaction of Lord Mansfield, held that slavery was unsupported by the justice in England and Wales in respect to Somersetts Case. ... (Mowat, Robert Balmain) In Pennsylvania, an act for the Gradual Abolition of hard workerry was passed in 1780 following which both Britain and the US banned the importation of African slaves with respective Slavery Abolition bends. briefly slaves began to gain freedom in parts of West Indies and South America as well. In the youthful day and age, child and adult slavery is illegal and against international law as well. However, in umpteen remote areas, slavery is still practised and under the purview of feudalism in Russian countries, serfs still exist. In parts of India, forced labour is still being practised too. (MacEwen, Martin) Scotland has witnessed some of the most contest cases for the purpose of bringing approximately a leg alization in the act of practising slavery, for example in the cases of capital of Alabama v. Sheddan (1756) and Spens v. Dalrympls (1769). In the year 1787 the North faced a vast amount of changes as a charge for the Abolition of Slave Trade was formulated by William Wilberforce and this helped to campaign against slavery in the British Empire, against the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Wilberforce put in a great amount of effort into bringing about the anti slavery movement and fortunately, he was alive to see the inception of the Slavery Abolition Act which came into existence in 1833. Even though slavery had almost disappeared from the scene in the 17th and 18th centuries, a number of African and East Indian servants were imported and brought into Britain to work in the domestic environments of people. These people were different from slaves as they were not bought or sold from each other and they achieved an ascribed legal status at bottom society after Somersetts case came

Price Controls applied by the Qatar Government Literature review

Price Controls applied by the Qatar Government - Literature review pillowcaseAgriculture is also a vital sector in the Qatar economy because of the objective of Qatar, which is food security. Qatar is the of import importer of agricultural goods. Price Floors regards the minimum sets put by the government for particular goods and services, which it considers producers to be trading in an unjust market with very low impairments, and hence such producers, need some assistance. Price floors hold out a problem when the government puts them higher than the equilibrium price. Once the prices are higher than the market price, in that respect is a likelihood that there will be a surplus or excess supply. In case this takes place, producers who toilet non predict difficulty ahead will make the bigger quantity where the new price crosses their supply curve (Wessels, 2006). Clients will not purchase that some(prenominal) products at a higher price and so those products will end up unsol d. There could be a serious economic drop-off if producers notice that there is insufficient demand, and in reaction reduces production. There exists deadweight loss linked with this moderate in quantity, mirrored in the loss of producer and customer surplus at lesser points of production. This policy can be of benefit to the producers, although only if they have an elastic supply curve and thus they do not have any net loss. This type of government does not favor consumers. They are the losers, as they put up high prices and the certain prices drive some out of the market, as they cannot afford the products. There are many policies of the government for putting up a price floor and handling its consequences. They may put an easygoing price floor, put production quotas or employ price support. In Price supports, the government puts a minimum price, and then purchases all the surplus or excess supply (Carbaugh, 2011). This is normally more bunglesome and expensive for the govern ment and community as a whole than for the government to subsidize the firms concerned. Either the business quotas increase the price by limiting production using authorized quotas or giving firms incentives to decrease their production. In Qatar, for instance, the government applies these techniques extensively with oil and agriculture. The government compensates the farmers to maintain some parts of their lands uncultivated, hence change magnitude prices.